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<title>Library classification</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Library classification</span></span>

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<p>A <b>library classification</b> is a system used within a <a href="Library" title="Library">library</a> to organize materials, including books, sound and video recordings, electronic materials, etc., both on shelves and in catalogs and indexes. Each item is typically assigned a call number, which identifies the location of the item within the system. Materials can be arranged by many different factors, typically in either a hierarchical tree structure based on the subject or using a <a href="Faceted_classification" title="Faceted classification">faceted classification</a> system, which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in many ways.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>Library classification is an important and crucial aspect in <a href="Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a>. It is distinct from <a href="Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">scientific classification</a> in that it has as its goal to provide a useful ordering of documents rather than a theoretical organization of <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has the practical purpose of creating a physical ordering of documents, it does generally attempt to adhere to accepted scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Library classification helps to accommodate all the newly published literature in an already created order of arrangement in a filial sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Library classification can be defined as the arrangement of books on shelves, or description of them, in the manner which is most useful to those who read with the ultimate aim of grouping similar things together. Library classification is meant to achieve these four purposes: ordering the fields of knowledge in a systematic way, bring related items together in the most helpful sequence, provide orderly access on the shelf, and provide a location for an item on the shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Library classification is distinct from the application of <a href="Index_term" title="Index term">subject headings</a> in that classification organizes knowledge into a systematic order, while subject headings provide access to intellectual materials through vocabulary terms that may or may not be organized as a knowledge system.<sup id="cite_ref-chan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The characteristics that a bibliographic classification demands for the sake of reaching these purposes are: a useful sequence of subjects at all levels, a concise memorable notation, and a host of techniques and devices of number synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Library classifications were preceded by classifications used by bibliographers such as <a href="Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a>. The earliest library classification schemes organized books in broad subject categories. The earliest known library classification scheme is the <a href="Pinakes" title="Pinakes">Pinakes</a> by <a href="Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, a scholar at the <a href="Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> during the third century BC. During the Renaissance and Reformation era, "Libraries were organized according to the whims or knowledge of individuals in charge."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed the format in which various materials were classified. Some collections were classified by language and others by how they were printed.

</p><p>After the <a href="Printing_press#The_Printing_Revolution" title="Printing press">printing revolution</a> in the sixteenth century, the increase in available printed materials made such broad classification unworkable, and more granular classifications for library materials had to be developed in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-shera_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shera-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1627 <a href="Gabriel_Naud%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Naudé">Gabriel Naudé</a> published a book called <i>Advice on Establishing a Library</i>. At the time, he was working in the private library of <i><a href="Pr%C3%A9sident_%C3%A0_mortier" title="Président à mortier">Président à mortier</a></i> Henri de Mesmes II. Mesmes had around 8,000 printed books and many more Greek, Latin and French written manuscripts. Although it was a private library, scholars with references could access it. The purpose of <i>Advice on Establishing a Library</i> was to identify rules for private book collectors to organize their collections in a more orderly way to increase the collection's usefulness and beauty. Naudé developed a classification system based on seven different classes: theology, medicine, jurisprudence, history, philosophy, mathematics, and the humanities. These seven classes would later be increased to twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Advice on Establishing a Library</i> was about a private library, but within the same book, Naudé encouraged the idea of public libraries open to all people regardless of their ability to pay for access to the collection. One of the most famous libraries that Naudé helped improve was the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine" title="Bibliothèque Mazarine">Bibliothèque Mazarine</a></span></span> in Paris. Naudé spent ten years there as a librarian. Because of Naudé's strong belief in free access to libraries to all people, the Bibliothèque Mazarine became the first public library in France around 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although libraries created order within their collections from as early as the fifth century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-shera_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shera-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Paris Bookseller's classification, developed in 1842 by <a href="Jacques_Charles_Brunet" title="Jacques Charles Brunet">Jacques Charles Brunet</a>, is generally seen as the first of the modern book classifications. Brunet provided five major classes: theology, jurisprudence, sciences and arts, belles-lettres, and history.<sup id="cite_ref-sayers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sayers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classification can now be seen as a provider of subject access to information in a networked environment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>There are many standard systems of library classification in use, and many more have been proposed over the years. However, in general, classification systems can be divided into three types depending on how they are used:

</p>

<dl><dt>Universal schemes</dt>

<dd>Covers all subjects, e.g. the <a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a> (DDC), <a href="Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a> (UDC), and <a href="Colon_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon Classification">Colon Classification</a> (CC).</dd>

<dt>Specific classification schemes</dt>

<dd>Covers particular subjects or types of materials, e.g. <a href="Iconclass" title="Iconclass">Iconclass</a> (art), <a href="British_Catalogue_of_Music_Classification" title="British Catalogue of Music Classification">British Catalogue of Music Classification</a>, and <a href="Dickinson_classification" title="Dickinson classification">Dickinson classification</a> (music), or the <a href="NLM_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="NLM Classification">NLM Classification</a> (medicine).</dd>

<dt>National schemes</dt>

<dd>Specially created for certain countries, e.g. <a href="Swedish_library_classification_system" title="Swedish library classification system">Swedish library classification system</a>, SAB (Sveriges Allmänna Biblioteksförening). The <a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> was designed around the collection of the US <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and has an American, European, and Christian bias. Nevertheless, it is used widely in large academic and research libraries.</dd></dl>

<p>In terms of functionality, classification systems are often described as:

</p>

<dl><dt>Enumerative</dt>

<dd>Subject headings are listed alphabetically, with numbers assigned to each heading in alphabetical order.</dd>

<dt>Hierarchical</dt>

<dd>Subjects are divided hierarchically, from most general to most specific.</dd>

<dt>Faceted/analytico-synthetic</dt>

<dd>Subjects are divided into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets.</dd></dl>

<p>There are few completely enumerative systems or faceted systems; most systems are a blend but favouring one type or the other. The most common classification systems, LCC and DDC, are essentially enumerative, though with some hierarchical and faceted elements (more so for DDC), especially at the broadest and most general level. The first true faceted system was the <a href="Colon_classification" title="Colon classification">colon classification</a> of <a href="S._R._Ranganathan" title="S. R. Ranganathan">S. R. Ranganathan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_or_systems">Methods or systems</h2></div>

<p>Classification types denote the classification or categorization according to the form or characteristics or qualities of a classification scheme or schemes. Method and system has similar meaning. Method or methods or system means the classification schemes like Dewey Decimal Classification or Universal Decimal Classification. The types of classification is for identifying and understanding or education or research purposes while classification method means those classification schemes like DDC, UDC.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_language_universal_classification_systems">English language universal classification systems</h3></div>

<p>The most common systems in <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking countries are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a> (DDC)</li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> (LCC)</li>

<li><a href="Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a> (UDC)</li></ul>

<p>Other systems include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="BISAC_Subject_Headings" title="BISAC Subject Headings">Book Industry Standards and Communications</a> (BISAC), originally developed for use by U.S. booksellers, has become increasingly popular in libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Bliss_bibliographic_classification" title="Bliss bibliographic classification">Bliss bibliographic classification</a> used in some British libraries</li>

<li><a href="Colon_classification" title="Colon classification">Colon classification</a> (CC)</li>

<li><a href="Garside_classification" title="Garside classification">Garside classification</a> used in most libraries of <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Gladstone Library Classification, devised by <a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">W.E. Gladstone</a> and used exclusively at <a href="Gladstone's_Library" title="Gladstone's Library">Gladstone's Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Harvard-Yenching_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Classification">Harvard-Yenching Classification</a>, an English classification system for Chinese language materials</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_universal_classification_systems">Non-English universal classification systems</h3></div>

<ul><li>German <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburger_Verbundklassifikation" class="extiw external" title="de:Regensburger Verbundklassifikation">Regensburger Verbundklassifikation</a> (RVK)</li>

<li>A system of book classification for Chinese libraries (Liu's Classification) library classification for user

<ul><li><a href="New_Classification_Scheme_for_Chinese_Libraries" title="New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries">New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nippon_Decimal_Classification" title="Nippon Decimal Classification">Nippon Decimal Classification</a> (NDC)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Library_Classification" title="Chinese Library Classification">Chinese Library Classification</a> (CLC)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_Decimal_Classification" title="Korean Decimal Classification">Korean Decimal Classification</a> (KDC)</li>

<li>Russian <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw external" title="ru:Библиотечно-библиографическая классификация">Library-Bibliographical Classification</a> (BBK)</li>

<li><a href="Swedish_library_classification_system" title="Swedish library classification system">Swedish library classification system</a> (SAB)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_classification_systems_that_rely_on_synthesis_(faceted_systems)">Universal classification systems that rely on synthesis (faceted systems)</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Bliss_bibliographic_classification" title="Bliss bibliographic classification">Bliss bibliographic classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Colon_classification" title="Colon classification">Colon classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutter_Expansive_Classification" title="Cutter Expansive Classification">Cutter Expansive Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a></li></ul>

<p>Newer classification systems tend to use the principle of synthesis (combining codes from different lists to represent the different attributes of a work) heavily, which is comparatively lacking in LC or DDC.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2></div>

<p>Library classification is associated with library (descriptive) cataloging under the rubric of <i>cataloging and classification</i>, sometimes grouped together as <i>technical services</i>. The library professional who engages in the process of cataloging and classifying library materials is called a <i>cataloger</i> or <i>catalog librarian</i>. Library classification systems are one of the two tools used to facilitate <a href="Subject_access" title="Subject access">subject access</a>. The other consists of alphabetical indexing languages such as Thesauri and Subject Headings systems.

</p><p>The practice of library classification is a form of the more general task of <a href="Classification" title="Classification">classification</a>. The work consists of two steps. Firstly, the subject or topic of the material is ascertained. Next, a <b>call number</b> (essentially a book's address) based on the classification system in use at the particular library will be assigned to the work using the notation of the system.

</p><p>Unlike subject heading or thesauri where multiple terms can be assigned to the same work, in library classification systems, each work can only be placed in one class. This is due to shelving purposes: A book can have only one physical place. However, in classified catalogs one may have main entries as well as added entries. Most classification systems like the <a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a> (DDC) and <a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> also add a <a href="Cutter_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutter number">cutter number</a> to each work which adds a code for the main entry (primary access point) of the work (e.g. author).

</p><p>Classification systems in libraries generally play two roles. Firstly, they facilitate <a href="Subject_access" title="Subject access">subject access</a> by allowing the user to find out what works or documents the library has on a certain subject.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, they provide a known location for the information source to be located (e.g. where it is shelved).

</p><p>Until the 19th century, most libraries had closed stacks, so the library classification only served to organize the subject <a href="Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a>. In the 20th century, libraries opened their stacks to the public and started to shelve library material itself according to some library classification to simplify subject browsing.

</p><p>Some classification systems are more suitable for aiding subject access, rather than for shelf location. For example, <a href="Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a>, which uses a complicated notation of pluses and colons, is more difficult to use for the purpose of shelf arrangement but is more expressive compared to DDC in terms of showing relationships between subjects. Similarly <a href="Faceted_classification" title="Faceted classification">faceted classification</a> schemes are more difficult to use for shelf arrangement, unless the user has knowledge of the citation order.

</p><p>Depending on the size of the library collection, some libraries might use classification systems solely for one purpose or the other. In extreme cases, a public library with a small collection might just use a classification system for location of resources but might not use a complicated subject classification system. Instead all resources might just be put into a couple of wide classes (travel, crime, magazines etc.). This is known as a "mark and park" classification method, more formally called "reader interest classification".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparing_library_classification_systems">Comparing library classification systems</h2></div>

<p>As a result of differences in notation, history, use of enumeration, hierarchy, and facets, classification systems can differ in the following ways:

</p>

<ul><li>Type of Notation: Notation can be pure (consisting of only numerals, for example) or mixed (consisting of letters and numerals, or letters, numerals, and other symbols).</li>

<li>Expressiveness: This is the degree to which the notation can express relationship between concepts or structure.</li>

<li>Whether they support mnemonics: For example, the number 44 in DDC notation often means it concerns some aspect of France. For example, in the Dewey classification 598.0944 concerns "Birds in France", the 09 signifies geographic division, and 44 represents France.</li>

<li>Hospitality: The degree to which the system is able to accommodate new subjects.</li>

<li>Brevity: The length of the notation to express the same concept.</li>

<li>Speed of updates and degree of support: The better classification systems are frequently being reviewed.</li>

<li>Consistency</li>

<li>Simplicity</li>

<li>Usability</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Attribute-value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute-value system">Attribute-value system</a></li>

<li><a href="Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li>

<li><a href="Classification_(general_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification (general theory)">Classification (general theory)</a></li>

<li><a href="Decimal_classification" title="Decimal classification">Decimal classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a></li>

<li><a href="W._C._Berwick_Sayers" title="W. C. Berwick Sayers">W. C. Berwick Sayers</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">Subject indexing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPanditaSingh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pandita, Ramesh; Singh, Shivendra (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260433354">"NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION IN ICT ERA"</a>. <i>Journal of Indian Library Association</i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMlinar2021" class="citation web cs1">Mlinar, Courtney (September 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchguides.austincc.edu/classif">"Library Classification System: What is the Library Classification System?"</a>. <i>Austin Community College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-chan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChan2007" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Lois Mai (September 28, 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogingclassi0000chan"><i>Cataloging and classification: An introduction</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). The Scarecrow Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780810859449</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSatija2015" class="citation journal cs1">Satija, M P (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1633%2FJISTaP.2015.3.4.5">"Features, Functions and Components of a Library Classification System in the LIS tradition for the e-Environment"</a>. <i>Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>77. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1633%2FJISTaP.2015.3.4.5">10.1633/JISTaP.2015.3.4.5</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The library : an illustrated history</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781602397064</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534">277203534</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-shera-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shera_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shera_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShera1965" class="citation book cs1">Shera, Jesse H (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/librariesorganiz00sher"><i>Libraries and the organization of knowledge</i></a></span>. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1969" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Jack A. (1969). "Gabriel Naudé and the Foundations of the Scholarly Library". <i>The Library Quarterly</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>343. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F619792">10.1086/619792</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2519">0024-2519</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4306024">4306024</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144274371">144274371</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoitano1996" class="citation journal cs1">Boitano, John F. (1996-01-01). "Naudé's <i>Advis Pour Dresser Une Bibliothèque</i>: A Window into the Past". <i>Seventeenth-Century French Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>19. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F026510696793658584">10.1179/026510696793658584</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-1068">0265-1068</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sayers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sayers_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSayers1918" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Berwick (1918). <i>An introduction to library classification</i>. New York: H. W. Wilson.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMatveyeva2002" class="citation journal cs1">Matveyeva, Susan (2002-06-14). "A Role for Classification: The Organization of Resources on the Internet". <i>MLA Forum</i>. <b>1</b> (2).</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiraMaculanNaves2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira, Ana Carolina; Maculan, Benildes Coura Moreira dos Santos; Naves, Madalena Martins Lopes (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-37862017000300279&lng=en&tlng=en">"Ranganathan and the faceted classification theory"</a>. <i>Transinformação</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>295. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F2318-08892017000300006">10.1590/2318-08892017000300006</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2318-0889">2318-0889</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-Ávila2016" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Ávila, Daniel (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/0943-7444-2016-8-655">"BISAC: Book Industry Standards and Communications"</a></span>. <i>Knowledge Organization</i>. <b>43</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">655–</span>662. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0943-7444-2016-8-655">10.5771/0943-7444-2016-8-655</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0943-7444">0943-7444</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/subject-support/garside-classification-scheme">"Garside classification scheme | Library Services - UCL – University College London"</a>. 8 August 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gladstoneslibrary.org/reading-rooms/the-collections/special-collections/gladstone-foundation-collection">"Gladstone Foundation Collection"</a>. <i>Gladstone's Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531001950/http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/subject_access_points.htm">"Subject access points"</a>. <i>iva.dk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/concepts/subject_access_points.htm">the original</a> on 2011-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, Sarah N., and Eugene Mulero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/14/us/14dewey.html">"Dewey? At This Library With a Very Different Outlook, They Don't"</a> <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 14, 2007.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Libraries_and_library_science919" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="National_library" title="National library">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a>

<li><a href="Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="School_library" title="School library">School</a>

<ul><li><a href="Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li>

<li><a href="E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a>

<ul><li><a href="Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_books%2C_manuscripts%2C_documents_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Readers'_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li>

<li><a href="Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li>

<li><a href="Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li>

<li><a href="Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Libraries</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Library science</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Libraries">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Library_classification_systems316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Library_classification_systems316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bliss_bibliographic_classification" title="Bliss bibliographic classification">Bliss (BC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Deer_Classification_System" title="Brian Deer Classification System">Brian Deer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Library_Classification" title="Chinese Library Classification">Chinese Library (CLC/CCL)</a></li>

<li><a href="CODOC" title="CODOC">CODOC</a></li>

<li><a href="Colon_classification" title="Colon classification">Colon (CC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutter_Expansive_Classification" title="Cutter Expansive Classification">Cutter Expansive</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal (DDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching_Classification" title="Harvard–Yenching Classification">Harvard–Yenching</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_decimal_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean decimal classification">Korean decimal (KDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress (LCC)</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Classification_Scheme_for_Chinese_Libraries" title="New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries">New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Medicine_classification" title="National Library of Medicine classification">NLM Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Nippon_Decimal_Classification" title="Nippon Decimal Classification">Nippon Decimal (NDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintendent_of_Documents_Classification" title="Superintendent of Documents Classification">Superintendent of Documents (SuDocs)</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_library_classification_system" title="Swedish library classification system">Swedish library system (SAB)</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal (UDC)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></div></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Library_cataloging_and_classification" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Library cataloging and classification">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1036" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126474572">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126474572">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573383">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="klasifikace (knihovnictví)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph162904&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX529536">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284087305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Library_classification&oldid=1304336625">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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